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China’s economy has recently become a subject of widespread concern. has an article with the following headline:
China’s consumers tighten belts even as prices fall
The term “even” caught my attention. Surely the FT editors don’t believe that falling prices would be expected to boost consumption? That would be an Econ101-level error. And yet, the article also contained this odd claim:
Weak price growth is not automatically encouraging people to spend.
“Theoretically low prices should increase purchasing power of consumers, but that hasn’t been the case,” said Louise Loo, lead economist at Oxford Economics. “We think the reason is because the deflationary mindset has been quite entrenched.” “I think this is the start of a pretty structural trend,” she added.
“People have become a lot more precautionary . . . They think a lot harder about how they want to spend an additional dollar of income.”
I have no idea what theory Louise Loo is referring to, as it’s one I’ve never seen. Indeed, this sounds a lot like reasoning from a price change.Here it might be useful to review the economy’s circular flow, which says that gross spending equals gross output equal gross income. Falling prices do not increase purchasing power, unless the fall in prices is caused by a rise in aggregate supply. But if the fall in prices was caused by a fall in aggregate demand, then you’d actually expect a fall in consumer purchasing power, as a decline in AD typically reduces real output and real income. Never reason from a price change.In China’s case, the recent fall in prices is almost certainly due to a fall in AD (or more precisely a slowdown in the growth rate of AD). We know this because output growth is also fairly weak. This suggests that China’s monetary policy is too contractionary.Milton Friedman once said that persistent inflation is always and everywhere a monetary phenomenon. Here’s what I’d say:Excessively tight monetary policy is always and everywhere misdiagnosed as some other problem.This misdiagnosis occurs for several reasons. First, most people—even most economists—have no idea as to how to evaluate the stance of monetary policy. To put it bluntly, most economists wouldn’t recognize tight money if it were right in front of their nose. Second, most economies that suffer from tight money also suffer from other problems. Thus the falling prices and weak output are attributed to other aspects of the economy, not monetary policy. (Recall when the 2008-09 decline in AD was wrongly blamed on housing and banking problems.)As an analogy, I recently had two consecutive illnesses. At first, I thought the second was my first illness getting worse. Only last Wednesday did I go to the doctor and discover I had diverticulitis (a condition I’d never even heard of.)I’ve also had colds that morphed into pneumonia. In those cases, I failed to initially see the problem, assuming it was just a “bad cold”. This sort of error is excusable, as colds do actually make one more susceptible to pneumonia. Similarly, various “real problems” with an economy make it more likely that a central bank will adopt an excessively contractionary monetary policy. That’s partly because many central banks target interest rates, and real problems usually lower the natural or equilibrium rate of interest. recently interviewed a number of economists and other policy experts in China:
The critical question behind all this is how well the economy is actually doing. Among the Chinese economists I put this to, the most common answer was “very bad.” But they reject the Western analysis of peak China as a result of demographic issues, an absence of domestic reform and a negative international environment. Instead, they point to China’s structural advantages. Of its 1.4 billion citizens, only 400 million are middle and high income. The remaining billion are still low income — hundreds of millions of them in the countryside — and can still be brought into an urban industrial economy, boosting domestic demand as well as economic growth.
The key challenge for China is stimulating that demand. China has a lot of fiscal head room to do this.
At least they understand that the problem is , which the FT article doesn’t even discuss.But China needs monetary stimulus, not fiscal stimulus.The Chinese economists understand that China has a lot of potential, if they can get the policy right:
The demographic situation is not the problem that Westerners think, they feel, at least in the short-term. China is not desperately short of workers: there is 20% unemployment for young people, and it is always possible to bring more workers in from the countryside. Economists are also positive about advances in new technologies. China is overtaking Japan as the world’s largest car exporter this year, and the Chinese company BYD is the world’s biggest manufacturer of electric vehicles, with sales that leave Tesla in the dust), and it is making progress in AI. Economists at Tsinghua and Peking University told me they have built models which show that China’s growth potential for the next decade is between 5 and 6% annually, through a combination of advanced industry upgrades and clean energy technology.
In short, Chinese experts feel the economic fundamentals are not as bad as Western debate suggests. Where they are really pessimistic is about the politics. “The United States can’t stop China’s growth,” one economist said, “only the stupidity of our leaders and the sycophancy of their advisers can do that.”
The entire article is excellent—well worth reading.It’s also one of the saddest articles that I’ve read in years.HT: David Levey.PS.The title and subtitle of Leonard’s article caught my eye:Sunset of the EconomistsTwo decades ago, China’s reformist economists walked the halls of power and dictated policy. Now, they have been side-lined in favor of a new priority: national security. What happened?Wouldn’t these headlines also be somewhat accurate:Two decades ago, America’s reformist economists walked the halls of power and dictated policy. Now, they have been side-lined in favor of a new priority: national security. What happened?Two decades ago, Russia’s reformist economists walked the halls of power and dictated policy. Now, they have been side-lined in favor of a new priority: national security. What happened?Yes, what happened to the entire world?PPS.Instead of an article with hundreds of ambiguous words, if only the FT had given us this graph:
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